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Manichitrathazhu

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Manichitrathazhu
Featuring Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi, with Fazil holding on to a camera at the bottom
Theatrical release poster
Directed byFazil
Written byMadhu Muttam
Produced bySwargachitra Appachan
Starring
Cinematography
Edited byT. R. Shekar
Music bySongs:
M.G. Radhakrishnan
Background Score:
Johnson
Lyrics:
Bichu Thirumala
Production
company
Distributed bySwargachitra Release
Release date
  • 25 December 1993 (1993-12-25)
Running time
157 minutes
CountryIndia
LanguageMalayalam
Budget₹3 million[1][2]
Box office₹27.9 million
(original release) ₹47.1 million (re-release)[3]

Manichitrathazhu (transl. The Ornate Lock) is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language epic psychological horror film directed by Fazil, written by Madhu Muttam and produced by Swargachitra Appachan.[4] The film stars Mohanlal, Suresh Gopi and Shobana. It also features Thilakan, Nedumudi Venu, Innocent, Vinaya Prasad, K. P. A. C. Lalitha, Sridhar, K.B. Ganesh Kumar, Sudheesh.[5] The story is inspired by a tragedy that happened in the Alummoottil tharavad (an old traditional mansion), located at Muttom (near Haripad), belonging to a central Travancore Thiyya family, in the 19th century.[6] The inheritor of the Alummoottil property and his domestic worker girl were murdered by the son-in-law after he had been written-off from the marumakkathayam system of inheritance prevalent in Kerala at the time. The murder gave rise to many local legends which serve as the basis for the film. Muttam, the writer of the film, is a member of the Alummoottil tharavad through his maternal family.[7]

Sibi Malayil, Priyadarshan and Siddique–Lal served as the second-unit directors, who worked separately but simultaneously with Fazil to significantly speed up the filming process. The cinematography was done by Venu, Anandakuttan and Sunny Joseph served as the second-unit cinematographers, the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, while the original score was composed by Johnson. Mohanlal, though credited as a lead actor, has been noted to have only an extended cameo, the main role being that of Shobhana.[8] Shobhana who won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli. The film won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.[9][10] The film also won three Kerala state awards -- Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value (1994), Best Actress and Best Make-up Artist (PN Mani).[11]

The film dealt with an unusual theme which was not common in Indian cinema at the time.[12] The film completed 300 days of run in many theatres.[13][14] Manichitrathazhu was remade in four languages – in Kannada as Apthamitra (2004) (with some plot changes) which in turn was remade in Tamil as Chandramukhi (2005), in Bengali as Rajmohol (2005) and in Hindi as Bhool Bhulaiyaa  (2007)– all being commercially successful. Madhu has been credited as the sole writer for the remakes after he filed a copyright suit against Fazil when the latter started being listed as the writer of the original script in the remakes.[7][15] Geethaanjali, a spin-off directed by Priyadarshan with Mohanlal reprising the role of Dr. Sunny Joseph was made in 2013.

Manichitrathazhu is considered by many critics as one of the best films in Malayalam cinema and developed a cult following, years after its release.[16] It has also been regarded as one of the best psychological thrillers in Indian cinema.[17] It was listed among the "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema" by Mint in 2017.[18] A digitally remastered 4K Dolby Atmos version of Manichitrathazhu was released in theatres on 17 August 2024.[19]

Plot

[edit]

Nakulan and his wife Ganga, who have been living in Kolkata, decide to take a vacation to Nakulan’s ancestral village in Kerala. This is Ganga’s first visit to her husband’s place. Despite warnings from elder family members, Nakulan insists on staying at his ancestral home, the Madampalli Tharavad, which is apparently haunted. The rest of the family joins them as well, not willing to leave them alone in a haunted house. Nakulan’s maternal uncle, Thambi, cautions the couple to avoid certain parts of the house, particularly a locked room known as the "Thekkini." Nakulan’s aunt and Thambi's sister, Bhasura, reveals the dark history behind the house.

About 150 years ago, the family’s patriarch and the ruling feudal lord, Karnavar Sankaran Thambi, fell in love with a dancer named Nagavalli during a trip to Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu and brought her back to the mansion. However, Nagavalli was already in love with another dancer, Ramanathan, who moved into the nearby house and Nagavalli started to meet him secretly. When the Karnavar discovered the affair, he killed them both, after which legend has it that Nagavalli's vengeful spirit began haunting the mansion. With the help of priests, her spirit was locked away in the Thekkini, but the Karnavar committed suicide shortly after. It is believed that both their spirits still linger in the mansion.

In the present day, Alli (Bhasura's daughter) and Mahadevan (a college lecturer) are engaged and Mahadevan currently lives in the house in which Nagavalli's lover Ramanathan used to live. Ganga, after listening to the story, dismisses it as a mere legend meant to scare people away from hidden treasures in the house. Driven by curiosity, she enlists Alli, to help her unlock the Thekkini. After gaining access, strange events begin to occur: people see apparitions of a woman, objects break mysteriously, and Ganga's sari catches fire. Suspicion falls on Thambi’s elder daughter, Sreedevi, who had been originally meant to marry Nakulan years ago (Nakulan's mother Sharadha had rejected the proposal due to problems with Sreedevi's horoscope and he had moved on to marry Ganga. Later, Sreedevi had married someone else but it ended up in a divorce due to her bad horoscope). With tensions rising, the family begins to believe that Sridevi may be possessed by Nagavalli's spirit.

Concerned, Nakulan calls on Dr. Sunny, a renowned US-based Indian psychiatrist, to investigate the situation. After arriving at the mansion, Sunny encounters several mysterious events, including an attempt on Alli’s life, as well as a woman's eerie voice singing and dancing in Tamil emanating from the locked Thekkini at midnight. Sunny supposedly starts treating Sreedevi, and in the process, slowly grows close to her. After a few days, impersonating the Karnavar by wearing his sandals and using his staff, he converses with the mysterious voice in Thekkini, who reveals herself as Nagavalli and vows revenge on the upcoming Durgashtami night by killing the Karnavar. Sunny goes to a place called Evoor with Chandhu, Sreedevi's brother, and talks to a few people there. He also foils someone's attempt to kill Nakulan by giving him poisoned tea and blaming Sreedevi, locks her up in her bedroom.

During a Kathakali dance performance attended by the family, Ganga suddenly disappears. Sunny finds her being harassed by Alli’s fiancé, Mahadevan, though Mahadevan insists he is innocent. After the confusion settles down, Sunny reveals to Mahadevan and Nakulan that all the problems in the house are being orchestrated by Ganga. Ganga suffers from dissociative identity disorder which has taken on the personality of Nagavalli. Her condition stems from childhood trauma, where she was left with her grandmother while her absentee parents moved to Kolkata. Deeply attached to her grandmother, Ganga grew up immersed in folklore, which fueled her fantasies. The news that her parents were taking her away to the city caused the disease to start, however she recovered later after moving with her parents to Kolkata. Soon after she had opened Nagavalli's room, her disorder came back in the form of Nagavalli's split persona when she started sympathizing with her. Sunny tells them that Ganga, whose mind is frequently overtaken by Nagavalli's personality, perceives Mahadevan as Ramanathan due to him living in the same house as Ramanathan. He reveals that she had tried to kill Alli due to jealousy over Mahadevan and had tried to frame Mahadevan for her apparent sexual harassment to get him back into her life through stopping his marriage to Alli. She also views Nakulan as the Karnavar and had tried to kill him with the poisoned tea. Sunny also reveals that he had later explained everything to the locked up Sreedevi and now she is helping him. Sunny explains that Nagavlli persona's goal is to kill Nakulan on Durgashtami night, as she had told him during the night in Thekkini.

Meanwhile, Thambi and the family, skeptical of Sunny's treatment of Sreedevi, call in a tantric expert, Pullattuparam Brahmadathan Namboodiri, for another solution. Namboodiri and Sunny turn out to be old friends, and Sunny tells Namboodiri of the situation and a plan he has in his mind. Although he initially dismisses Sunny’s plan as impractical, he agrees to assist.

On the morning of Durgashtami, Sunny asks Nakulan to provoke Ganga and witness her transformation and as expected, the Nagavalli persona emerges. Nakulan shouts at her, immediately bringing her Ganga persona back and she realises something is wrong with her. She quickly reverts to Nagavalli’s persona later that night and believing Mahadevan to be Ramanathan, follows him to the rituals prepared by the Namboodiri in front of everyone, to their shock. Namboodiri engages with the Nagavalli persona, and tells her he will help her behead the Karnavar and avenge her death. Nakulan is brought before her but just before she prepares to strike, Namboodiri blows smoke and ash into her face to temporarily close her eyes. At the same moment, Sunny swaps Nakulan with a dummy. The Nagavalli persona cuts the dummy into pieces and finally becomes dormant, convinced that her enemy is dead. Later, Sunny uses therapy to cure Ganga.

The family bids farewell to Ganga, Nakulan, and Sunny. Before leaving, Sunny expresses his desire to marry Sreedevi to which she responds with a smile, indicating her consent.

Cast

[edit]
Shobhana was awarded the National Film Award for Best Actress for her portrayal of Ganga / Nagavalli.

Production

[edit]

Development

[edit]

Then young directors Sibi Malayil, Priyadarshan and Siddique–Lal served as the second-unit directors, who worked separately but simultaneously with veteran director Fazil to significantly speed up the filming process.[22][23] The cinematography was by Venu, Anandakuttan and Sunny Joseph served as the second-unit cinematographers, the film was edited by T. R. Shekar. The original songs were composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan, while the original score was composed by Johnson. Mohanlal, though credited as a lead actor, has been noted to have only an extended cameo, the main role being that of Shobhana.[23]

Filming

[edit]
Filming took place in Padmanabhapuram of Kanyakumari district.

The haunting Thekkini room was created inside the Vasan House in Chennai, the house of late S. S. Vasan, the founder of Gemini Studios. It was one of the film’s key locations apart from Padmanabhapuram Palace and Hill Palace, Tripunithura. The major parts of the film were filmed at Hill Palace, Tripunithura and the climax was filmed at Padmanabhapuram Palace.[24] The painting of Nagavalli was made by artist R. Madhavan, drawn without a live model.[25]

Dubbing credits

[edit]

Shobana's voice was dubbed by two dubbing artistes—Bhagyalakshmi and Durga. Bhagyalakshmi dubbed her voice for Ganga, while Durga gave voice to the character's alter-ego, Nagavalli. Nagavalli's voice is heard only in a minor part of the film compared to Ganga's. Durga was not credited in the film or its publicity material and until 2016, the popular belief was that Bhagyalakshmi solely dubbed both voices.[26][27]

In January 2016, in an article Ormapookkal published by Manorama Weekly, Fazil revealed that initially Bhagyalakshmi dubbed for both Ganga and Nagavalli, but during post-production, some of the crew, including editor Shekar, had a feeling that both voices sounded somewhat similar even though Bhagyalakshmi tried altering her voice for Nagavalli. Since Nagavalli's dialogues are in the Tamil language, Fazil hired Tamil dubbing artist Durga for the part. But he forgot to inform Bhagyalakshmi, hence she was also unaware of it for a long time. Fazil did not credit Durga in the film; according to him, it was a difficult to make changes in the titles at that time, which was already prepared and her portion in the film was minor. The credits included only Bhagyalakshmi as the dubbing artiste for Shobana.[28] Other dubbing artistes were Anandavally and Ambili, who dubbed for Vinaya Prasad and Rudra.[29]

Soundtrack

[edit]

The soundtrack for the film was composed by M. G. Radhakrishnan which went on to become one of the most popular soundtrack in Malayalam.[30] The album consists of nine tracks. The lyrics in Malayalam is written by Bichu Thirumala and Madhu Muttam and lyrics in Tamil are written by Vaali.[31]

Manichitrathazhu
Soundtrack album by
M. G. Radhakrishnan
Released24 December 1993
Recorded1993
VenueChennai
StudioKodandapani Audio Laboratories
GenreFilm Soundtrack
Length64:50
LabelWilson Audios
ProducerM. G. Radhakrishnan
M. G. Radhakrishnan chronology
Meghasangeetham
(1993) 		Manichitrathazhu
(1993) 		Kashmeeram
(1994)
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Pazham Tamil"Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas 
2."Varuvaanillaruminn"Madhu MuttamK. S. Chithra 
3."Oru Murai Vanthu"Vaali (Tamil), Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra 
4."Kumbham Kulathil Ariyathe"Bichu ThirumalaK. J. Yesudas 
5."Akkuthikkuthanakkombil"Bichu ThirumalaG. Venugopal, K. S. Chithra, Sujatha Mohan, M. G. Radhakrishnan 
6."Palavattam Pookkaalam"Madhu MuttamK. J. Yesudas 
7."Uthunga Sailangalkkum"Bichu ThirumalaSujatha Mohan 
8."Oru Murai (Reprise)"VaaliSujatha Mohan 
9."Varuvaanillarumee Vayizhe"Madhu MuttamK. S. Chithra 
10.""Oru Murai" (Tamil Version)"VaaliSujatha Mohan 

Release

[edit]

Manichitrathazhu was released on 25 December 1993,[32] and performed well at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing Malayalam film at the time.[33][34][35] It ran for more than 365 days in some centres.[36]

Awards

[edit]
Award Ceremony Category Nominee(s) Result Ref.
National Film Awards 41st National Film Awards Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil Won [37]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Kerala State Film Awards 34th Kerala State Film Awards Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value Swargachitra Appachan, Fazil Won [38]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Best Makeup Artist P. N. Mani Won
Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 17th Kerala Film Critics Association Awards Best Actor Suresh Gopi Won [39]
Best Actress Shobana Won
Best Music Director M. G. Radhakrishnan Won
Special Jury Award Fazil Won

Themes

[edit]

Certain themes that were discussed in the movie were Ganga’s yearning for intimacy with her husband Nakulan, Mental health disorders and why it’s important to turn to science rather than trust conventional modes of treatments as well as Dr. Sunny and Ganga’s passionate friendship, all of which were rare in Indian cinema, creating a unique blend which received a positive response from the audience.[40]

The film also deals with the devadasi courtesan practice formerly prevalent in southern India and its patronage by local Nair chieftains, caste prejudices and Tantric cults.[41]

Legacy

[edit]

Manichitrathazhu is considered as a classic and is hailed as one of the best films ever made in Indian cinema.[12] The film has consistently fetched maximum ratings for its television screenings.[12] Even twenty years after its release it has been screened more than 12 times a year on an average on Kerala's leading TV channel, Asianet.[12] The film has received the maximum TRP rating on every screening; TRP ratings have increased every year, a rare record for a film produced in Kerala.[12][42] For many Malayalis, Manichitrathazhu is a part of their cultural lives.[43]

In a 2013 online poll in India by IBN Live, Manichitrathazhu was voted second among India's greatest films, by the audience. The poll was conducted as part of the celebration of Indian cinema completing 100 years. The poll constituted a list of 100 films from different Indian languages.[35] A saree featuring Shobhana in a song scene from this film was released in the market as the Nagavali saree.[44]

One of the most memorable or defining scenes of the movie where Nakulan provokes Ganga to transform into the Nagavalli persona was recreated in later Malayalam films like Om Shanti Oshana.[45]

The film was re-released in theatres after 30 years in August 2024.[46]

"Vijanaveedhi", a Malayalam horror novel by Aswathi Thirunal, has been listed by some as an inspiration for the film, though director Fazil and writer Madhu both deny this.[47]

Remakes

[edit]
Language Title Year Cast Director Notes
Kannada Apthamitra 2004 Vishnuvardhan, Soundarya P. Vasu Some plot changes made according to the director
Tamil Chandramukhi 2005 Rajinikanth, Jyothika
Bengali Rajmohol 2005 Prosenjit Chatterjee, Anu Choudhury Swapan Saha
Hindi Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2007 Akshay Kumar, Vidya Balan Priyadarshan

Spin-off

[edit]

A spin-off titled Geethaanjali was released on 14 November 2013, directed by Priyadarshan with Mohanlal reprising his role as Sunny and Suresh Gopi as Nakulan in a cameo appearance.[48]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Chandran, Priyesh (13 August 2024). "From 'Spadikam' to 'Manichitrathazhu': Understanding film remastering". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
  2. ^ Gupta, Onam (5 November 2024). "Made in Rs 30 lakh, this horror film earned Rs 7 crore, ran for more than 300 days". India.com.
  3. ^ "മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ് റീ-റിലീസിൽ കൊയ്തത് കോടികൾ" [Manichitrathazhu re-release box office collection]. Indian Express (in Malayalam). Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  4. ^ "Made in Malayalam". The Times of India. 6 March 2016. Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  5. ^ "High five". The Hindu. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  6. ^ Filippo Osella, Caroline (2000). Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict. Pluto Press. p. 264. ISBN 0-7453-1693-X. Archived from the original on 11 July 2023. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  7. ^ a b G., Venugopal (31 August 2024). "കോടതി കയറിയ മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്; വരുമോ ഒരു രണ്ടാം ഭാഗം?" [Manichitrathazhu creator Madhu Muttam]. Mathrubhumi (in Malayalam). Retrieved 3 November 2024.
  8. ^ "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  9. ^ "30 years on, 'Manichitrathazhu' still a blockbuster at Keraleeyam!". Onmanorama. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  10. ^ Staff, T. N. M. (4 November 2023). "Thirty years later, Manichitrathazhu has 2000 people waiting in queue for four hours". The News Minute. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  11. ^ Raj, Amal (17 August 2024). "31 years of 'Manichitrathazhu': A legacy set for its re-release". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 15 November 2024.
  12. ^ a b c d e "Of Bhool Bhulaiya, and a classic dumbed down". Rediff.com. 16 October 2007. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  13. ^ George, A. B. (14 April 2020). "Highest Grossing Malayalam Movies (Year 1980–1999)". FilmBiopsy. Archived from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  14. ^ "Laila Majnu, Manichitrathazhu: Indians flock to cinemas to watch older films". BBC News. 26 August 2024. Retrieved 5 November 2024.
  15. ^ [Muttom vs Fazil] [2007] KHC 256 (19 September 2007), Kerala High Court.
  16. ^ "Best Malayalam Movies: 10 Malayalam films to watch before you die". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
  17. ^ "India's 'best' psychological thriller turns 25". The Week. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  18. ^ "70 Iconic Films of Indian Cinema". livemint.com.
  19. ^ "'Manichitrathazhu': 4K restored version of Shobana, Mohanlal and Suresh Gopi starrer gets a release date". The Hindu. 18 July 2024. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  20. ^ "Durga, the crouching Nagavalli in 'Manichithrathazhu'". OnManorama. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2023.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Rajan, Silpa (24 September 2021). "#FilmyFriday: Manichitrathazhu: A classic psychological thriller, weaved with elements of horror". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  22. ^ Nair, Sree Prasad (22 April 2016). "4 Mohanlal film remakes that Akshay Kumar owned". CatchNews.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  23. ^ a b "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  24. ^ Menon, Neelima (24 December 2018). ""It Will Be A Huge Flop". 20 Fascinating Facts About The Making Of Manichitrathazhu, In Fazil's Words". Film Companion. Archived from the original on 22 May 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  25. ^ "നാഗവല്ലിയെ വരച്ചത് ആര്, ഇതാ ഉത്തരവുമായി ഒരു കുറിപ്പ്". Asianet News (in Malayalam). 6 June 2020. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  26. ^ James, Anu (9 January 2016). "It wasn't Bhagyalakshmi who dubbed for classic character Nagavalli in Manichitrathazhu, director Fazil reveals". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  27. ^ "Fazil gives dubbing artist Durga her due after 23 years, maybe she should have said 'Vidamaate'". thenewsminute.com. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  28. ^ James, Anu (11 January 2016). "Nagavalli-Manichitrathazhu controversy: Dubbing artist Bhagyalakshmi, director Fazil break their silence". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 25 January 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
  29. ^ Biscoot Regional (20 September 2013). "Manichitrathazhu 1993: Malayalam Full Movie | #Malayalam Movie Online | Mohanlal Movies | Shobana". YouTube. Biscoot Regional. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  30. ^ "Revisiting Manichitrathazhu ahead of Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2: How Shobana's Nagavalli can make a million Manjulikas pale". The Indian Express. 19 May 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  31. ^ "Manichitrathazhu at MSI". Archived from the original on 20 March 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  32. ^ Nathan, Archana (20 December 2018). "Fazil on his classic 'Manichithrathazhu': 'Everything came together to make the film happen'". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  33. ^ James, Anu (5 December 2016). "Mohanlal's Manichitrathazhu gets a trailer after 23 years". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  34. ^ "25 Years Of Manichithrathazhu: Shobhana, Director Fazil Pay Tribute To Iconic Malayalam Film". HuffPost. 24 December 2018. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  35. ^ a b IBN Live (12 May 2013). "'Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever: IBNLive poll". News18. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  36. ^ "10 Mollywood films that ran for the longest time". The Times of India. Times News Network. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  37. ^ "41st National Film Awards". International Film Festival of India. Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  38. ^ "State Film Awards". prd.kerala.gov.in. Department of Information and Public Relations. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  39. ^ "Kerala Film Critics Association Awards - 1977-2012". Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 15 August 2024.
  40. ^ Antony, Arun. "The timeless legacy of 'Manichithrathazhu'". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  41. ^ "Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema". indiancine.ma. Retrieved 4 November 2024.
  42. ^ "Manichithrathazhu has received the maximum TRP rating!". The Times of India. Times News Network. 17 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  43. ^ "The women of 'Manichitrathazhu': How the Malayalam classic tames the 'shrew'". The News Minute. 6 January 2018. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  44. ^ "മണിച്ചിത്രത്താഴ്". M3DB. Archived from the original on 7 January 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  45. ^ "25 years of Manichitrathazhu: Why this Malayalam classic remains unsurpassed". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  46. ^ "Mohanlal-starrer Manichitrathazhu Re-Releases In Theatres After 30 Years". News18. 4 November 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2024.
  47. ^ V, Govind Krishnan (9 October 2022). "Republishing of 1985 horror novel revives Manichithrathazhu plagiarism row". The News Minute. Retrieved 2 November 2024.
  48. ^ Nagarajan, Saraswathy (1 August 2013). "Return of Dr. Sunny". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
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